Divorce Is A Social Issue - 1774 Words

What is the modern family? Today the modern family is completely different then what it was twenty years ago. Today, it is more common to have a family with divorced parents, before divorce was seen as unacceptable and a disgrace to the family, but in today’s society, it is more acceptable, and common. Divorce does not just affect the two married people, but it also affects any children they may have. To fully understand how divorce affects children, one must the history of divorce, the changes in the child’s or children’s life, and the effects those changes may bring. Divorce is a rising social issue in the United States of America, but it is not a new concept. Divorce has been a social issue since at least 1867 when for every 35.9 marriages, one couple were to get a divorce (Huth, 1947). Although divorce is not a new concept, it has become more social acceptance which is raising the divorce rate over the years. Another controversial topic in divorce is when the two people divorcing have a child or children together. Approximately 150,000-200,000 children in the United States of America are affected by divorce yearly (Huth, 1947). Divorce is not just a tough situation for the couples getting the divorce; it also has a large effect on any children involved in the divorce. When children are involved in a divorce, the first major impact they have to face is that child or children involved in the divorce losses time with each of the parents. In a non-divorced family onShow MoreRelatedThe Social Issue: Divorce and Depression Essay example2673 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction The Social Issue: Divorce and Depression Around the world divorce is common and known amongst different societies, some with higher rates than others. According to Irvin (2012), in America there is one divorce every 13 seconds. That’s 6,646 divorces per day, and 46,532 divorce per week. This is a social issue within our society that has many negative effects on everyone facing this circumstance. The divorce rate in the U.S is a problem that shows an increase in its rates compared toRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Their Behaviors1410 Words   |  6 Pagesget a divorce. Even the word family itself has changed so drastically, it’s no wonder divorce is so high. What many people don’t realize is that divorce can possibly have a serious effect on children and their behaviors. Many studies have been conducted and have shown a variety of long term, as well as short term effects that children have developed after they’ve experienced going through divorce, one effect divorce could have on children is the risk of the child developing behavioral issues. Read MoreRise of Divorce Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagescouples who divorced is accelerating and becoming a social problem. According to an authoritative international organization, the Chinese Academy of Social Science, the number of divorces increased more than six fold from less than 35 million in 1980 to more than 220 million in 2008. These alarming data has aroused profound concern, and many sociologists are investigating this social issue. The problems principally come from the aspects of social factors, parental problems, and personal causes. ThereforeRead MoreDivorce : A Major Sociological Issue1080 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Eron Mrs. Small Social Issue paper 21 November 2014 Divorce Problem Statement: Divorce is a major sociological issue. Divorce rates continue to rise annually and more and more the definition of ‘family’ begins to change. Around 40% of marriages ended in divorce in 2004 (West). This is an epidemic that at one point shocked many People. While, divorce use to be socially and for many, religiously unacceptable it is becoming more and more a social norm. Even though it is becoming more commonRead MoreWhile The Rate Of Divorce Has Rapidly Increased In Recent1659 Words   |  7 Pagesrate of divorce has rapidly increased in recent decades, currently between 40 to 50 percent of married couples file for divorce during some point in their marriage. Although in some cases these families already have children and divorce is an impactful event that can cause life lasting effects on children. The effects that divorce has on children can cause serious psychological issues that may form and develop over time from toddlers into the adolescent stage of their lives. The divorce itself doesRead MoreHow The Age At Marriage Influences A Couple s Likelihood Of Getting A Divorce1573 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH OBJECTIVE I plan to study how the age at marriage influences a couple’s likelihood of getting a divorce among married individuals in Canada. This is an important topic to consider as families are a common social unit in society and they collectively influence many aspects of social society. I hypothesize that age is an important casual factor in the likelihood of divorce as it is commonly associated with other facets of and individuals life such as experience; income; attitudes toward marriage;Read MoreDivorce Is A Win And A Loss For Parents And Children1287 Words   |  6 Pages Divorce is a Win and a Loss for Parents and Children The divorce rate in today’s society according to Barbara Dafoe Whitehead is higher than ever. Although people have a legal right to file for divorce, it is still viewed as an ethical problem. Barbara Dafoe Whitehead writes in â€Å"The Making of a Divorce Culture†, that divorce has become an ethical problem in the United States. In today’s society, divorce is viewed as a social norm, and that couples should have a right to file for divorce withRead MoreFactors Responsible for the Probability of Divorce1009 Words   |  4 PagesProbability of Divorce: Contrary to the reality in western industrialized nations, there is a common assumption that longer life-spans contribute to longer marriages. As the average length of marriage remains significantly the same, the reason for the end of marriage has changed from death to divorce. Actually, its currently estimated that half of marriages in the United States will end either in separation or divorce before the 20th wedding anniversaries of the couples. The other half of theseRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesis divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individuals (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate of divorce more than doubled between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s (Croteau). As of recent, statistics show an increase in divorce rates from less than 20% to nearly 50% since 1960 (Croteau). Throughout history, divorce has remained a controversial topic. Perceptions of divorce haveRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Social Issues957 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative occurs within someones life they tend to look for a cause, a reason as to why this has happened. They do this by looking at the different aspects of their personal life, however they don’t take into consideration the fact that sociological issues within that society may have also attributed to that problem taking place. C. Wright Mills (2010) believed that â€Å"neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society could be understood without understanding both†, and with this in mind

World War II - 1190 Words

WWII Reading Questions http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=15smtID=2 1. Who was Joe Louis, why is he important, and why did he help to increase black enlistment into the military? He was important because he defeated a white boxer and encouraged blacks to enlist in the army 2. What was the first concentration camp and when was it set up? Dachau, 1933 3. What groups of people were targeted during the Holocaust? Jews, Gypsies, Polish Catholic, Russians, mentally and physically disabled, homosexuals, and political prisoners. 4. What was the â€Å"Final Solution†? The mass murder of Jews 5. Based on the reading, describe Auschwitz. more than 1.6 million were killed in Auschwitz, they didn t feed babies to see how long†¦show more content†¦What actions did Germany take after dropping out of the League of Nations? He went seeking more land in England 26. What areas was Hitler able to annex without interference of Britain and France? Austria 27. What is appeasement and why were Britain and France looked at as appeasing Germany? Appeasement is to make someone happy. They kept giving Germany breaks 28. What was agreed upon in the German-Soviet non-aggression pact? that the soviet union could have control over poland 29. What event caused the war to begin and what was Germany’s war tactic? WWI. Germany s war tactic was tp become the master race 30. Who became Prime Minister of Britain during the war? Winston Churchill 31. What was the German Air Force called? Luftwaffe 32. After failing to destroy Britain, what actions did Germany take? They invaded Belgium 33. What events occurred between Dec. 6 and Dec. 11, 1941? Soviet forces repulsed the German attacks on Moscow. This was Hitler s first defeat 34. Between 1935 and 1941, how was the US involved in the war? We responded to the war by issuing a proclamation of neutrality. In 1941 the President offered a Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet union. 35. What actions did the US take against Japan because of their expansion throughout Asia? America froze all Japanese bank accounts in the US. 36. When did the bombing of Pearl Harbor occur? Dec 7th 1941 37. In what ways was this attack not a total disaster for theShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The World War II1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent levels of the educational system most everyone has talked about the Second World War in great detail. The European and Pacific Theaters were the main focus of many historians and their writing, because war pertained to the audience of the time. WWII revolved around the idea of freedom and liberating the fascist governments of Europe, the homefront back in the states was the war machine that kept the war churning. Millions of pages have been written about the experiences and battles duringRead MoreThe War Of World War II1638 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was the most widespread war in history and it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. This war lasted from 1939 to 1945. The war pinned the Axis nations which were Germany, Italy, Japan versus the Allied nations which were led by Britain and its Commonwealth n ation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States. The Allies were victorious in the War. It was one of the most significant periods of time in the 20th century. The war resultedRead MoreThe War Of The World War II864 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat global conflict, the Second World War was the most extensive and lethal war in history, which involved more than 30 countries. It marked more than 50 million military and civilian deaths. Though dumbfounded by the events of December 7, Americans were also determined. President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war against Japan On December 8. The declaration passed with just one rebel vote. After three days, Germany and Italy, connected with Japan, declared war on the United States. America wasRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1387 Words   |  6 Pagesevents that could bring so many people together while simultaneously tearing them apart-- World War II is one of those events. While the beginning is not set in stone , many will argue that the war all started with the unwarranted German attack on Poland in September of 1939. As tensions rose between countries, conflict began to swell. Over 20 countries were involved, and alliances were established. The war was fought between two major alliances; the Allied powers and the Axis powers. The Allied powersRead MoreThe War Of The World War II846 Words   |  4 Pageseffected the world is World War II. It is an event that will never be forgotten because of how many different countries were involved and how it affected the Jews as well. During the war, the United States started to put up posters to get people to join the army and there were other countries that convinced the people to invest money into the war. Without the propaganda and the use of artwork on posters and flyers that they used to influence people in the U.S. they may have never won the war. One of theRead MoreThe World Of World War II1371 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II has been considered one of the worst things to ever occur in history. Violence, death and aggression took place in the 1930s and 1940s in certain European nations. German leader, Hitler played an important, yet a very big role during this time. With the rise and domination of fascism in Germany and Italy, the goal was to maintain peace, established by the Treaty of Versailles ended up in major disaster. World War II began with the poor economic conditions in Europe after World War IRead MoreThe World Of World War II1496 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It led to millions of deaths, and devastation across the world. Nazi Germany took control of many European countries, and Japan declared war on the United States. American soldiers were deployed and took action to protect the nation. The United States was in a constant limbo between being safe, and havin g war on its doorstep. Life for citizens, in the United States and other countries, was affected tremendously by the war, and has shapedRead MoreWorld War II1478 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning Of World War II in 1939 until the end in 1945, the battles between the Allied and Axis powers were violent and caused great destruction. It became a world dispute after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From then on, countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, and many others fought vigorously until a victory was achieved. World War II officially began after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. The war was made up of a seriesRead MoreThe War Of World War II Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesSince its end, World War II has been talked about extensively by historians. The lead up to the war, the war itself, and the events after the war have contributed to why the war has been so popular among historians. The unique way the war was f ought and the way the war altered the course of history has intrigued historians. Up until World War II, civilians had generally been off limits in war. While you could cause as much carnage as you wished on the battlefield against soldiers, killing civiliansRead MoreThe War Of World War II1348 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II was fought between two powers; the axis and the allied powers. The axis powers consisted of Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria while the allied powers consisted of U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, and Yugoslavia. While the United States Armed Forces were deployed in other parts of the world, the ones back home were facing the struggles of a war they had no

For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya Free Essays

string(105) " are divided into three linguistic groups namely; Bantu, Bukusu, Nilotes, Cushites and there are others\." For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya. I am going to be covering background information, which includes; the physical features and tourist attractions, climate features, people of Kenya and cultural features, vegetation and wildlife. I am also going to be looking at the factors that have led to the growth of tourism in Kenya and the benefits and problems tourism has caused. We will write a custom essay sample on For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background information Kenya is a less economically developed country (LEDC) in east Africa. Kenya covers an area of 582,646 square kilometres – the United Kingdom is 244,100 square kilometres in area. Kenya has a population of around 30 million, compared with the UK’s 60 million. Kenya is situated astride the equator and has a hot, tropical climate. The country is bordered by Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia and to Kenya’s east is the Indian Ocean. Figure 1 shows the map of Africa and an arrow showing where Kenya is located. Physical features and tourist attractions In Kenya there are two basic areas, plains (low grassy areas) and Highlands (high, mountain areas). The plains are very active areas. The Natives go about their daily business of farming and doing chores all day. While animals like elephants and giraffes roam around freely. Some houses are built high up on poles so that the animals can’t get at them. The flat coastal plain along the Indian Ocean varies in width from 15-70km, and the land then gradually rises up to the highlands. The Highlands are much more deserted. Kenya’s highest mountain is named Mount Kenya. It towers over everything else in the country. The only areas left to name are the rural towns (the cities). There is really not much you can say about them, as they are most like what we live in. Buildings, roads, people wearing normal clothing, etc. That is the one odd thing about Kenya. It has both areas of traditional living (the way they’ve been doing it for hundreds of years) and rural living (modern things like the ones I just mentioned) One more thing about Kenya’s physical features, they only have summertime. You may not think that affects the way the country looks, but think about it. Weather affects the animals, people, and buildings, pretty much everything. Kenya’s tourist attractions range from safaris through game parks to beautiful beaches on the coast. Until 1969, tourism development had focused on Nairobi’s hotels and on its game parks. Subsequently, coastal tourism received increasing attention, and tie-ins between game park and beach stays became more common, attracting visitors from East Africa and from overseas. Kenya’s coasts offer intriguing cultural and historical surroundings including picturesque old Arab towns and the ruins of sixteenth-century Portuguese settlements. There are ideal conditions for SCUBA diving and game fishing together with 150 miles of unspoiled beaches protected from sharks by the great coral barrier reef. New cottage-style hotels draw on local architectural styles and decor and offer an international standard of luxury. Most visitors to Kenya, however, continue to come primarily to see its varied wildlife, in particular, the world’s largest concentrations of elephant, giraffe, antelope, and zebra. Though hunting safaris have declined since their colonial heyday, restricted game hunting continues to draw enthusiasts. Kenya has an outstanding record among African countries in the protection and development of game parks and lodges. Climate features Kenya is divided by the equator into two almost equal parts. The region north of the equator is hot and receives comparatively little rain. The southern region falls into three zones. Kenya has a great climatic diversity that goes in parallel with the different geographic regions described elsewhere. As an Equatorial country, there is little variation in temperatures throughout the year. However, among regions there are great differences in average temperatures and rainfall. This climatologic diversity is mainly due to the winds and the altitude differences. The rainfall pattern is important because of its influence on wildlife and the road conditions. Upon the rains, many roads become flooded or muddy and are impassable. The rainy season is divided in two periods: the long rains fall between March and June, whereas the short rains take place between October and November. In general, temperatures are higher during the months corresponding to the boreal winter, i.e., January, February and March. Below is a graph showing the temperature and rainfall in Nairobi, Kenya. People of Kenya and cultural features Kenya has a very diverse population that includes most major language groups of Africa. Traditional pastoralists, rural farmers, Muslims, and urban residents of Nairobi and other cities contribute to the cosmopolitan culture. The standard of living in major cities, once relatively high compared to much of Sub-Saharan Africa, has been declining in recent years. Most city workers retain links with their rural, extended families and leave the city periodically to help work on the family farm. About 75% of the work force is engaged in agriculture, mainly as subsistence farmers. The urban sector employs 0.9 million people. The national motto of Kenya is harambee, meaning â€Å"pull together.† In that spirit, volunteers in hundreds of communities build schools, clinics, and other facilities each year and collect funds to send students abroad. The five state universities enroll about 38,000 students, representing some 25% of the Kenyan students who qualify for admission. Kenya is grouped into more than 70 ethnic groups, Some of the ethnic tribes are large e.g. the Agikuyu who form a majority of the population within their homeland in the central province and can also be seen to be in large numbers in the other districts in Kenya. The other large ethnic groups include the Luo, Luhya, Kamba and Kalenjin. There are also some groups of people who form a very small population. This includes the tribe of El Molo. Kenya’s ethnic groups are divided into three linguistic groups namely; Bantu, Bukusu, Nilotes, Cushites and there are others. You read "For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" Many of Kenya’s foremost cultural institutions are in either Nairobi or Mombassa. In Nairobi are the National Museums of Kenya, which include exhibits on natural history and geology; the Kenya National Archives; and the McMillan Memorial Library, with a special collection of Africana. In Mombassa is the Fort Jesus Museum, a history museum housed in a 16th-century Portuguese fort. The Kitale Museum features displays on scientific and historical topics. Vegetation and wildlife Vegetation in the north and northeast is sparse, primarily consisting of thorn bush. In the south area there are acacias and tree cacti of the Euphorbia genus. The giant Baobab (Adansonia digitata), of the Bombacacea family, outstands for its spectacularity, sometimes growing to 18m high and with the trunks reaching 9m in diameter. Its long and pulpy fruit is good for eating, and the bark is used for manufacturing ropes and cloth. Vegetation is more diverse and abundant only at the oasis in the north and northeast, in the river valleys and in areas such as Taà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ta Hills, with an alpine-like landscape. Given the extension of the arid regions, the biggest part of Kenya’s land consists of deserts or semi-deserted steppes. Most visitors to Kenya want to experience the country’s world famous wildlife. But there are many different ways to experience the Kenyan wilderness. Whether you want to drive by a pride of lions in a four wheel drive, walk through herds of plains game, watch a herd of elephants from the comfortable veranda of a safari lodge, track game on horseback or search for rare birds in a thick rainforest, the possibilities are endless. Kenya’s wilderness areas are famous worldwide. The name Kenya has become synonymous with the great wilds of Africa. But they represent far more than you would ever expect, protecting and showcasing a broad range of habitats and species. They are complex ecologies that depend on the conservation of diverse natural resources and systems. The Parks, Sanctuaries and Conservation areas co-exist with and depend on the communities that surround them, and work together to protect the future. From the depths of a coral reef to alpine mountains, from one of the worlds most endangered owls to a herd of wildebeest more than a million strong, the wilderness of Kenya is a wonder to behold. Factors that have led to growth of tourism Tourists are people who travel for pleasure. The tourist industry looks after the needs of tourists and provides the things that help them get to places to help them relax and enjoy themselves. Tourism is a big industry. It is one of the worlds fastest growing industries and in the near future it is expected to employ more people worldwide than any other industry. The growth of tourism in Kenya is due to the tourists being attracted to areas of great scenic beauty or where there is abundant wildlife. Kenya is a land of contrasts, and nowhere is this more apparent than in its range of altitudes. The hills and mountains of Kenya are a world apart from the lowland valleys and plains. High altitude Kenya offers something for everyone. There are refreshing hill walks through bird rich areas or more active hikes into montane forests. Above all there is mighty Mt Kenya, whose slopes are the perfect trekking destination. Kenya is the home of the safari. The boundless wilderness and big game of this region has long attracted adventure seekers from all over the globe. No other African country can boast such an incredible range of landscapes, unique geographical features and species. Kenya offers the visitor a chance to experience a natural world unchanged by the passage of time. The Kenyan wilderness is home to an endless array of ecosystems, the staging ground for natural cycles of life, death and regeneration as old as the planet itself. This great range of natural habitats means that there is plenty to explore, and plenty of species to encounter. The Massai Mara Game Reserve is widely considered to be Africa’s greatest wildlife reserve. The Mara comprises 200 sq miles of open plains, woodlands and riverine forest. Contiguous with the plains of the Serengeti, the Mara is home to a breathtaking array of life. The vast grassland plains are scattered with herds of Zebra, Giraffe, Gazelle, and Topi. The Acacia forests abound with Birdlife and Monkeys. Elephants and Buffalo wallow in the wide Musiara Swamp. The Mara and Talek rivers are brimming with Hippos and Crocodiles. Other indicators of the growth in tourism are the increase in the number of tour operators and vehicle hire enterprises. Tourism is also a major source of employment for farmers and grocers, to construction, transport and financial services and to the purveyors of curios and souvenirs. The industry is labour intensive and hence its expansion generates more job opportunities than an equivalent expansion in other sectors of the economy. Besides, allied improvements in tourism infrastructure also catalyses other economic activities. It is estimated that well over 219,000 people are currently deriving their livelihood from tourism. In some streets in Central Nairobi and Mombassa half the shops are tourist-oriented. Benefits and Problems of Tourism The development of the tourist industry can bring many benefits and problems. Tourism in many parts on Kenya is a ‘double edged shroud’ meaning blight as well as blessing but in my opinion I think that there is more problems than benefits. The development in the tourist industry can improve the chances of having a good holiday for tourists. Countries like Spain, Italy and Greece were once very poor and now have much higher standards of living due to increased tourism. The poorer developing countries have also followed their lead. Kenya, for example has used money from tourism to improve their schools, hospitals, roads and factories. Some of the money has also been spent on developing the tourist industry. There would also be a demand for locally produced food and souvenirs, jobs in hotels and restaurants, new amenities that locals could use. Coffee and tea production brought in more foreign exchange and income from tourism first exceeded that from coffee. In the Massai Mara the ultimate way of travel is in a hot air balloon. Hot air balloons are another source of income but it disturbs animals and they have driven some out. The rapid increase in tourism is overcrowding parts of Kenya and the increasing population growth in the drier areas of Kenya has led to pressure exceeding the carrying capacity of the land in relation to park management, which in turn has led to lower income. The problem of increasing visitors has led to an increase in the number of vehicle entries in the park. This tourist entry is suspected to disturb wild animals and damage natural vegetation by off road driving. The noise by the vehicle may also be disturbing to some wildlife. Its negative impact might be higher in long term. Increased tourist facilities have caused the loss of habitat and naturalness of the area. Lodges and attractive places have been spoilt by garbage and sewage disposal problems. Garbage attracts carrion-eaters such as hyenas, baboons, velvet monkeys and marabou storks. These problems are of concern to the reserve’s management because animals can be obvious threats to people, including tourists. Another impact of garbage is that some scavengers, such as hyenas, may change their natural feeding habits and became permanent garbage feeders. In the Coast, the local residents are Muslims. The Islamic females have to dress their whole body to avoid attracting men but as tourists go by they show parts of their body that is forbidden for Muslims. The darker side about tourism is that the local people then go into drugs n drinking and prostitution. Ladies look for boys for sex, so instead of boys going to the church, they have sex with ladies for money and this is affecting society. Tourists diving and standing on the coral kill the living organisms, as they are extremely delicate and tender. Anchors being dropped of boats constantly batter the coral and it is illegal to harm the coral. Tourists take shells and starfish that are a vital link to the ecosystem. 140 tones of shells and coral are removed out every year for selling. How to cite For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya, Essays

Stronger Globalization in Connection to International HRM

Questions: 1.You should put forward both the arguments for and against the strong globalization thesis and how the debate to international HRM. when considering the extent to which HR practices are converging or diverging, you should refer to all three levels of analysis in order to put forword your opinion on the convergence or divergence of HR practices? 2.You nees to put forward the three main arguments for the internationlistion of firms. with regard to MNC strategy and structure, you should demonstrate your understanding of the three main types of strategy and how each strategy results in defferent types of structure and HR practice. You should also demonstrate your understanding of how strategies are determined by the balance between the competing pressures to achieve strategic integration, local responsiveness and global innovation facing MNC's? Answers: 1. Stronger globalization in connection to International HRM International HRM or IHRM is a term which is given to the process of Human Resource Management in a highly globalized environment which has been aided by increased globalization across the world. Globalization is defined as the process of international integration which arises from interchange of world views, ideas, products and various aspects of culture. There are arguments which are for and against the need of strengthening or rather focusing on international HRM for companies from different parts of the world. Globalization in present world with respect to organizational activities is largely influenced by IHRM practices which organizations adopt. Arguments for and against Globalization 1. Global Effects: With globalization the exposure available to human resources of any organization is provided with an opportunity to explore larger possibilities and the organization is provided with a vast pool of talent. Globalization when facilitated by stronger IHRM practices indeed increases the level of efficiency an organization has to choose from and has facilitated to a drastic reduction in costs for many organizations. The limitations of international barriers have been reduced drastically while it has become quicker and much easier for any company to operate and offer its services to any part of the world (Runebergendorff 2007). 2. Local and National Effects: Globalization has its flipside as well. There have been cases of reduced job availability as more developed countries are thinking to outsource their operations to other countries. Hence, globalization in IHRM has led to limited opportunities for citizens of several countries. For example many MNCs are outsourcing their data processing and other outbound services to countries like India, Singapore, or other South East Asian nations. In countries like USA, companies have faced criticism for outsourcing tasks and reducing the work base in their own countries. On the other hand, with a Globalized environment more and more companies from different countries compete with each other and may make the competition tougher for the smaller local producers (KGK Uni-Obuda n.d.). 3. Organizational Effects: There are both for and against aspects of this area. While costs have been reduced, organizations need to devote more time towards training and development for employees which they recruit in countries where tasks are outsourced to. Also, the time for processing, delegating and evaluating each tasks takes more time than it used to take previously. A positive out of Globalization is the fact that a company grows global and can work around the clock. A collaborated effort makes sure that the organizations are processing more activities in comparison to what they had been doing. From the above cases it can be concluded that globalization has offered a virtually new domain for managers to explore. The diverse work climates and the increased level of competition has reduced the aspect of convergence of HR practices which previously looked to be standardized for each company. In a globalized environment, differentiation in HR practices has played a key role towards success of companies across the world. This divergence aspect to globalization has been the result of a diversified work environment along with different work cultures which have come together (Monash 2003). Debate related to International Human Resource when considering extent to which the IHRM is converging or diverging Globalization means that firms need to internationalize and operate globally. In order to compete and offer good costs for the products or services on offer, it is very important to internationalize their operations. The three arguments which advocate for increasing internationalization of firms are: Access to factors of production: Globalization has opened up great avenues for companies to explore the opportunities of having access to different factors of production. For instance, MNCs in USA are switching their manufacturing units in countries like India or China or Taiwan as the costs of production is much lower. With reduced costs, the companies are able to offer cost effective products and services to its customers. Moreover, companies operating in other countries also get the opportunity to utilize raw materials and resources which are not available their own countries to come up with newer products (Biz Research Papers 2009). Access to markets: Globalization also offers a much wider market for any company to offer their products. For instance Pepsi Co which is an American company catering to the world and is a market leader. As it is present in such a huge market it has the opportunity to keep its margins lower and still make huge profits. This keeps the opportunity of any similar company to stay out of competition and virtually leave a very small opportunity to grow to such a high level. Exploitation a firm-specific advantage: Internationalization offers a foreign market which has specific characteristics which could be of political, social or even political nature which permits firms to profitably exploit the firm specific advantages by way of locating that particular market. This can only be attained by offering products which are not presently being offered in that specific market. With the above key advantages which advocate for internationalization, the strategies of companies differ with respect to their scale of operations. Broadly the strategies of IHRM is different for companies operating as multinationals, global or transnational. For example standardization of HR practices is possible in case of transnational companies where there is a specific market which they cater to. In case of global or multinational companies the HR practices cannot be standardized as the market conditions and cultures are very different from one another (Jims Journal n.d.). 2. Person Specification for the Role of Human Resource Manager The following specifications are designed for the role of a Human Resource Director for the task of overseeing the entire process of managing the employees within the organization. It starts from recruitment and selection and moves towards effective rewards and recognition strategies to get the operations of the organization done in an effective manner. The requirements for the job profile are: Skills, Knowledge and aptitude: The individual who would be good for this position would need to be a stronger and effective communicator in writing, business presentations as well as interpersonal communications. Some of the other important skills and aptitudes required are: He needs to portray highly developed as well as demonstrated teamwork skills. Another element which would be handy is the ability of demonstrating high degree of confidentiality and common sense. As the task would be more for directing the efforts of the team of diverse human resource professionals, he needs to demonstrate the ability of increasing productivity and work in a continuous manner to improve the methods, approaches as well as departmental contribution while being cost-sensitive. A commitment to continuous learning and being expert in employment laws along with insights in the employee relations and communications. Ability of demonstrating for seeing a bigger picture which provides useful and strategic advices as well as inputs across the company. He needs to have the ability of leading in an dynamically fluctuating work environment (Kidder Minister n.d.). Experience of being flexible to work and work towards empowering the employees through structured manner would be an advantage. Experience in working at multiple locations Experience: The HRM director needs to have an experience of over 7 to 10 years of holding responsible positions in Human Resources which prefers in similar industry in two or more organizations. The individual needs to have the experience of supervising as well as manage the professional staffs at different roles within the organizations. Qualifications, education and training: The candidate needs to have at least a Bachelors degree in Human resources, business or a similar degree in the field of management. A Masters degree in Business Administration and Business Management would be the Post Graduate degree which the candidates need to have. In case, the candidate had been holding positions such as Joint director or Deputy Director in any previous organization would have an added advantage (Conventry n.d.). Personal Characteristics: Speaking about the personal characteristics the individual needs to guide and manage the overall provision of Human Resources services, policies as well as programs for the entire organization. He would be inclined to engage in talent management strategies and include workforce planning which would include communicating with other individuals at key positions within the organization. Appropriate circumstance for position of company and person himself After recruitment and final selection processes, the induction program is regarded as the critical area which introduces a new recruit to learn about the organization and his responsibilities. However, training and development needs to be a continuous process, especially when organizations are working in an attempt to internationalize their operations. A well-defined training and development strategy would not only help the individuals grow and be updated with the latest tools and strategies in managing their regular activities but would facilitate the organization to increase the efficiency levels within the organization. Despite being experienced to get the job of a Human Resource Director, there needs to be a proper training and development program which the company needs to offer (Unece 2013). The key constituents for determining the need of undergoing such programs would include: Leadership competencies: The leadership competencies of the Human Resource Director would be determined by the different combination of hard and soft skills possessed by the individual. They would include: Ability of speaking in front of crowd: As the director would be responsible for addressing different individuals at different positions and most of the times teams from various divisions, this would be a very important factor. Ability of reading people: AN HRs main strength lays in the ability he or she has when it comes to reading the minds of people. The director needs to be proactive and anticipate what can be coming next or what a person is searching for. Ability to be strong and not intimated: HR professionals at timesare seen to be weak as they are often intimated by people at key positions. The director should have the ability of standing strong on the right steps and not get intimated by people irrespective of the positions they hold Empathy: Another key element which the director needs to have is having the ability of seeing the point of view of the other individuals. He or she needs to understand the nuances of a particular situation and make appropriate decisions at the right time (Sage Pub n.d.). An able listener: For any leader listening is regarded as a key aspect. Same goes for the Director who would essentially need to have the ability of listening to what others have to say. He should not have a perception or avoid listening to people he believes is not important. Cross-cultural awareness training requirements: As the HR director would need to work in diverse international work environment he or she needs to develop self-maintenance skills, interpersonal skills, and Meta cognitive strategies. Experience of working in diverse work environments and particularly at different locations would add to the advantage. Management Development programs: There are several programs which offer an opportunity for existing professionals to undergo training from time to time with respect to polishing and developing as a manager. The three management development programs which the Human Resource Director needs to undergo are: Leadership Development Programme by National Universityof Singapore Title:Leadership Development Programme Objectives: A program which is designed to help the leaders and senior managers to advance their leadership skills and hence build the capacity of leading a successful change in their organizations. Content:Facets of leadership which includes inspiring and motivating teams, building commitments, and managing resistance to change. Method of Delivery:Leadership frameworks, interactive case studies and exercise. Duration: 5 days Intended recipients: HR Managers and leaders of different management divisions. Executive Certificate in leadership and people management by Singapore Management University Title:Executive Certificate in leadership and people management Objectives:The program explores the important management facets which includes personal effectiveness in senior roles which leads to strategy development as well as implementation. Dedicated program for aspiring the leaders for enhancing their abilities of managing with competence as well as organizational success. Content: - Leadership, Talent Management, Change Management, Performance Management, Team Efficacy, and Personal Effectiveness Method of Delivery: Leadership frameworks, interactive case studies and exercise. Duration: 7 modules and 3 day per module Intended recipients: HR Managers and leaders of different management divisions. Professional Certificate in Business Management by Management Development Institute of Singapore Title:Professional Certificate in Business Management Objectives:The program has been designed for individuals who aspire to have a great career in the field of business management. The participants would develop the fundamental as well as firm understanding of principles and practices in a business environment. It would equip the participants to communicate effectively and prepare them for tougher situations. Content: Fundamentals of marketing, communication skills, principles of accounting and finance, principles of business management. Method of Delivery: Leadership frameworks, interactive case studies and exercise. Duration: 4 modules in 4 months Intended recipients: HR Managers and leaders of different management divisions. Appropriate structure for relevant position of the person in the organization An important element of any HR practice is to offer a strong Rewards strategy. The strategy should be such that it motivates the employees to work in a much more efficient manner. The basic constituents of the rewards strategy of a company looking forward to internationalization are: Payment structures: A company which works in a fluctuating environment where it can make huge benefits or losses should devise a strategy which pleases the employees and is acceptable as per industry standards. The pay needs to be fixed at a base rate for each dedicated positions and should be equally on par with the competitive companies. In an attempt to recognize the efforts of the employees, the organization can declare a bonus pay for every increase in profits which the company makes. This would be called a variable pay and should be directly corresponding to the revenues the respective divisions make (SHRM n.d.). Allowances: In todays work environment, employees need to move from one place to the other. A robust structure based on Cost of Living, housing, transportation and the efforts involved needs to be equally compensated. For instance the allowance for a local employee while working in Singapore would be as per the Singaporean standards. On the contrary when he is required to go to USA for the operations of the company, he would need to be compensated based on the social structures in the respective company. Benefits: Besides monetary compensation, the organization needs to offer other key benefits like pensions for its retiring employees, welfare schemes for the employees and their families, dedicated holiday leaves which should be made compulsory for each employee for each year. Non-Financial Benefits: Financial benefits and other goodies are not only the basic requirements for rewards and recognition of an employee. A firm would need to develop a well-designed career development program and show the place an employee could reach with his efforts in certain periods in future. The company should also offer the employees and option to choose from a set of alternatives and opportunities. For instance, a local resident of Singapore working in an MNC might be provided with an opportunity to leave abroad and work in the USA division. Other aspects of non-monetary rewards include social developmental programs and celebrations of key events or occasions within the company. Another aspect of cross cultural training needs to be an integral part of the company when it wishes to operate in different countries (Deloitte 2014). 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